Following a brutal 30-year armed struggle against the Ethiopian military regime (the Derg, and later its successor government), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) forces entered the capital city of Asmara in May 1991.
The Derg had been weakened by internal collapse and military defeats in the north, and EPLF commander Isaias Afwerki ordered his fighters to secure the city. Their arrival was met with widespread celebration, as the EPLF quickly established administrative control and effectively ended Ethiopia’s long-standing claim over the territory.
With the entry into Asmara, the EPLF immediately reinstated Eritrea’s de facto independence—a status that would be formalized two years later by a UN-supervised referendum in April 1993, in which nearly 99.9% of voters chose sovereignty.
This victory marked the culmination of Africa’s longest guerrilla war for self-determination, transforming the EPLF into the de facto government and laying the foundation for post-independence Eritrea under the leadership of Isaias Afwerki.
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