November 9, 1938, marked the beginning of Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), a state-sponsored pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany, annexed Austria, and the Sudetenland . The violence was framed by the regime as "spontaneous public outrage" following the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris by a Jewish teenager, but it was in fact centrally coordinated by Nazi leaders, including Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, with Adolf Hitler's backing.
Over November 9–10, SA and Hitler Youth units, joined by ordinary civilians, burned or destroyed over 1,400 synagogues, ransacked thousands of Jewish businesses, and vandalized homes, schools, and hospitals . At least 90 Jews were murdered, and roughly 26,000 to 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps such as Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen . Police and fire brigades stood by, instructed not to intervene.
The name refers to the shattered glass from Jewish shop windows that littered the streets . Kristallnacht is widely regarded as a turning point: it stripped away any remaining illusion of safety for Jews in Germany, accelerated forced emigration, and marked a decisive escalation toward the Holocaust.
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